Acorus calumus (Sweet Flag, Swite or Muscakat Route, one of the many common names is also called a species of a floral plant that contains psychological chemicals. It is a high wetlands of the Acorsi clan, the Abezpati plant, which is of the Acorus dynasty. Although it has been used to treat digestive disorders and pain in traditional medicine for centuries, there is no clinical evidence of its safety or efficacy - and the intake of calumus can be toxic - due to which its commercial use in the United States has been banned.
Scientific classification
- Kingdom: Plant
- Clade: Trecophytes
- Clade: AngiSupermar
- Clade: Abezpati
- Gan: Ekoreless
- Total: Accession
- Dynasty: Acoraus
Sweet flag is a sheathy perennial plant, which has a height of 2 meters (79 inches). Its leaves are similar to the leaves of the iris family. Sweet flag contains flakes of basic leaves that emerge from a spreading rhetoric. The leaves are straight, yellow-brown, mulakar, pink cover on a base, sword-shaped, flat and narrow, thin in a long, pointed end, and have parallel veins. The edges of the leaves are smooth, which may be wavy or folded. The sweet flag can be identified by the folded edges of the leaves from the iris and other similar plants, the aromatic odor and the presence of spadics.
Only the plants that grow in water are flowers. Solid, triangular floral-tanns emerge from the axes of outer leaves. A semi-seeded spadics emerges from one side of the floral-trunk. Spadics solid, cylindrical, diluted at both ends and is 5 to 10 cm long. Aresi lacks a spathy spath usually found. Spadics is densely filled with small green-yellow flowers. Each flower has six petals and stamens that are closed in a perianth with six parts, surrounding a three-cell, rectangular ovaries that have an uninterrupted circular. Flowers are sweet aroma. In Europe, it blooms for about a month in late spring or early summer, but does not give fruit. The fruit is a plum filled with mucus, which falls into the water when cooked and swims and spreads. In Asia, it also gives less fruit, and mainly by the growth of its rhetoric, it spreads itself by forming colonies.
Branny, cylindrical, nodded rhinoceros is as thickness as a human finger and there are many rough fibrous roots below it. Its outer part is brown and inner part is white.
Area and housing
Sweet flag grows in India, Central Asia, Southern Russia and Siberia, Europe and North America. Its habitats include small lakes, ponds and rivers, marshy lands, marshes and wetlands.
Name and etymology In addition to "Sweet Flag" and "Calcus", its other common names include bivart, bitter paper root, calm root, flag root, gladon, marrtle flag, martal grass, martal root, martal sez, pine root, C saez, sege, sweet can, sweet karsam, sweet cinema, sweet grass, sweet mart, sweet ruts, sweet ruts, sweete marks, sweet ruts, sweet ruts, sweet cinema Are included.
Its general name is the Latin word acorus, which is derived from the Greek word άχόρου (áchórou) of dyosocorides (note that the spelling is different in different versions of the text). It is believed that the word άχόρου is originated from the word κόρη (blank), which means pupil (of the eye), because the juice from the root of this plant is used as the treatment of eye diseases ('black fall of the pupil').
Specific name Calcum Greek κάλαμος (meaning "read"), which is taken from Latin Kalmus ("stalk") and old English heem ("straw"), Arabic قَلَم (qálam, "kalam") and Sanskrit Kalam (Kalama, "Used as Kalam, which is used as a Kalam, which is a Kalam, which is a Kalam, which is a Kalam, which is a Kalam. The name "Sweet Flag" is taken from "grass" or "reed".
History
This plant has already been mentioned in Chester BT Pepirus VI of about 1300 BC. Ancient Egyptians have rarely mentioned this plant in medicinal contexts, but it was certainly used to make perfumes.
Initially, Europeans were confused in the identity and medicinal uses of the Roman and Greeks to understand their original iris purus. Thus, in 1485, the Herberius Zu Tusush published in 1485 describes a woodct of this iris and includes it. It is one of the three possible sources of the French book Le Grant Herbier written in the German book, 1486, 1488, 1498 or 1508, which was published in the English translation by Peter Traveris in 1526 as Grate Herbal, which included the wrong identity of herberous zu tusash. William Turner describes 'Acoram' in 1538 as "Gladon or flag, a yellow flower delis".
The plant was brought to Britain at the end of the 16th century. By at least 1596, the real acorus was grown in Kalamus Britain, as listed in The Catalog, a list of plants grown in his garden in Halbourne by John Gerard. Gerard writes, "It is flourishing a lot in my garden, but so far there are neither flowers nor stalks." Gerard described its Latin name Acorus Veus, but it is clear that its veracity still doubted: In his 1597 herbal, he described the English general name 'Bastard Calamus'. Carl O. Sawyer reported that this tuber was used by North American Indians at the time of European discovery.
Culture
According to some interpretations, American poet Valt Whitman used this plant to show gay love.
Botany
A botanical image composed by Walthar Otto Muller in 1885
Three cytoplasm forms are identified on the basis of chromosome numbers: diplomatic form (2n = 24), infertile trigune form (2n = 36), and quadruple form (see below). The trinity form is the most common and is believed to have originated recently through the hybridization of duality and quadrilateral in the Himalayan region.
Probably most of the natives of Asia, a trigunized form Acorus Calmus Var. Calmus (also called Var. Vulgaris or Var. Verus) is now found all over Europe, Australia, New Guinea, South Africa, Reunion and North America. Quadrious form Acoraus Calmus Var. Angstatus is originally found across Asia, from India to Japan and the Philippines and from Indonesia to Siberia. Dualized form acorus American or acorus calumus varus. The American Northern Sub-Arctic is found in the disorganized regions scattered in the North America and Mississippi Valley, and in addition the double-faced form Mongolia, Central Siberia (Burishia), Gilgit-Betistan in Pakistan (which India claims) and also in North Himachal Pradesh in India. It has become extinct in the United States and parts of Canada. It may not have been a native of some of these regions, but it is believed that the pre-columbian population spread it to some parts of the United States.
Currently the classification status of these forms is disputed. The three forms of the same species have been considered different varieties of the same species in the comprehensive classification analysis of the 2002 Q. World Checklist of Selected Plant Familys. The Flora of North America considers the publication diplomatic form to be a separate species, analyzes the northern American forms of the bugs, and does not analyze the morphology of the asian forms. In addition, in older literature, the Acorus American name can be used indiscriminately for all forms of the acorus calm, irrespective of their cytological variety (ie both diabolical and triple forms). The analysis performed in the 2010 Flora of China, which is followed in the tropicose database system, considers all varieties synonymous with undivided species in terms of the same classification, indicating the morphological overlap in characteristics identified by Thompson.
The primary morphological difference between the North American forms of the trigunity and diplomat leads to the number of major leaf veins, a major middle vein and is equally embossed secondary veins on either side of it, trigunity has a major middle vein and secondary veins are not almost different. According to China's botany, these characteristics have clearly similarity and it is impossible to differentiate different cells. Trigated plants are infertile and display a sterilized ovary with shrunk ovaries. This form will never give fruit (seed is a distant thing) and can only spread asexually.
The quadrilateral variety usually to Acorus Calamus. Angucustatus is known as Besar. Many of its synonyms are known, but many are controversial as to what variety they belong to. It is morphically diverse, some forms are very wide and some have narrow leaves. In addition, it is also diversely diverse, which has a series of different nucleus forms.
Chemistry
Calumus leaves and rhinoceros contain a volatile oil that gives a distinctive odor and taste. The major components of this oil are beta-eserone (about 75%) and alpha-eserone, saponin, lactin, sescotterpenoids, lignan and steroids. Phytochemicals in the plant vary according to geographical location, plant age, climate, variety of species and components of the extracted plant. Duality does not contain beta-aceon.
Safety and rules
A. Calcum and products obtained from it (such as its oil) were banned by the United States Food and Drug Administration from using human food or food addicts in 1968. Although a 2001 judgment by the European Commission recommended the range of food or its intake in alcoholic beverages (115 micrograms per day), the amount of safe contact is still undesirable.
Toxicity
Although the calamus has been used for its aroma and is also swallowed, it has not been studied by intensive clinical research. Individual medical reports of poisoning mentions severe nausea and prolonged vomiting for several hours after oral use. Laboratory studies of its extracts indicate other forms of poisoning, which are mainly caused by the compound β-esron.
Use
A. Calmus has been an object of business in many cultures for centuries. It has been used medicinally for the treatment of many types of diseases, such as gastrointestinal diseases and pain, and due to its aroma, the calmas essential oil is valuable in the perfume industry. The essence obtained from its rhetoric is used in Europe as a taste in foods, alcoholic beverages and bitter substances. It was also used to make candy.
Food ingredient
When the plants are less than 30 cm (12 in), they can be removed; The inner stem can be eaten raw. The roots can be washed, peeled, cut into small pieces, boiled and boiled in syrup and candy can be made.
Herbal medicine
Sweet flag has a very long history of medicinal use in Chinese, Nepal and Indian herbal traditions. The leaves, stems, and roots are used in various Siddha and Ayurvedic medicines and by the Sikkim of Northeastern India. Sweet flag is one of the most widely and frequently used herbal medicines among the Chipewyan people.
Horticulture
This plant is sometimes used as a pond plant in horticulture. At least one tetraploid decorative variety is known; It is usually called 'Varigates', but RHS recommends calling it 'argentiostrite'.
Pesticides
Dry and powdered roots contain a compound which is useful as pesticides.
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